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Tender rejections, a metric used to determine how much contracted freight is rejected and sent to the spot market, have been hovering around 25% for the past few months. Blog Post Data and Technology Industry Trends Retail and Grocery Shipping Best Practices MORE
Free shipping? They’ve committed to eliminating 20 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions from their global supply chain by the end of the year. In his recent Forbes article about Chipotle’s announcement, Darren Tristano credits customers’ “rising demand for food they classify as healthful, not just in the sense of calorie counts but also of “natural” foods with “clean” labels”, for the change. MORE
We’ve discussed the basics of OTIF and the fundamentals of OTIF before, but we thought we’d drill down deeper into the individual metrics. First, we’ll start by reviewing the basic goals of OTIF, and then we’ll dive into each metric and the compliance issues of each metric. We are only covering Supplier Accountability OTIF metrics. This Pro date represents when shipping documentation is processed and may be days after the actual goods arrive. MORE
Whether you are a retailer, carrier, cloud services provider, or eCommerce merchant, Amazon not only effected the landscape of e-tail but the landscape of shipping and logistics as a whole. The Growth of Parcel Shipping on the Rise Thanks to the Amazon Effect Overall, parcel shipping is growing at a robust 10-percent clip as all other freight modes are basically flat, growing at a very modest 1 percent. MORE
The first step was to charter a research project with the Arizona State University statistics department to analyze which combination of metrics drives the highest market capitalization. Mondelez Performance Against the Food Group for 2010-2019. MORE
By contrast, the third-party logistics model is where a manufacturer retains oversight of its supply chain but outsources such processes as warehousing, shipping, packing, and distribution to a 3PL provider. MORE
Gen Z has grown up with two-day and same-day shipping. Gen Z is able to order food from their phone, or even order a taxi through an app. This has driven many companies to engage in last mile shipping services: rather than shipping to stores, more companies are having to ship directly to consumers. Many companies have started using resources such as Amazon FBA (Fulfillment-by-Amazon) as a way to offload these last mile shipping needs. MORE
As CEO of Quintiq, it’s a great honor to partner with the World Food Programme (WFP). It’s about bringing food—the most basic of needs—to those who need it most. million metric tons of WFP food assistance every year. On any given day, WFP operates an average of 70 aircraft, 20 ships and 5,000 trucks. Why instead are Quintiq employees donating their precious time to the World Food Programme? MORE
The approach taken by Whole Foods is attractive, at least superficially. Those two locations may differ across many important metrics: footprint, demographics, seasonality, logistical support, sell-through history, competitive landscape, sales trends, to name a few. More specifically, a planner lays out the merchandise plan by week, by category, by defined business metrics. The fundamental challenge in retail is one of balance. MORE
Bottom Line: Food & beverage manufacturing’s future is being defined by the over 60 customer quality audit requests a typical manufacturer receives every year, combined with the need to excel at FDA audits and compliance to stay competitive. Food and beverage manufacturers need to find new ways to scale auditing if they’re going to keep growing and attracting new customers. Quality Audits Need To Become Routine For Food & Beverage Manufacturers. MORE
Controlling costs in the supply chain is an excellent way for businesses in any sector to find increased profitability, but it is especially true for food ingredient shippers. How Food Ingredient Shippers Can Make Logistics Improvements . There are a few things that most food ingredient suppliers can do to increase supply chain performance. Enhance Supply Chain Visibility for Food Ingredient Shippers . MORE
All operator, production order and equipment transactions are recorded via data lake technology to provide for advanced traceability and operational metrics. Consumer Products and Food & Beverage. Stephen Dombroski – Director, Consumer Products and Food & Beverage. An impressive sight, especially when you add the tremendous amount of ship traffic moving up and down the river. MORE
These changes will impact calculations of such critical transportation and logistics metrics as lead times, delivery schedules, routes, mileage and a host of others. For food shippers, the calculus is equally daunting as an exit from NAFTA is likely to spur increases in the prices of certain produce and other agricultural products currently imported from Mexico into the US. MORE
As a country, I think that we need to rethink supply chain flows for chassis, drayage and the unloading of larger ships. I don’t think that the ports are up to the challenge of moving the high-levels of freight with larger ships without rethinking unloading space, equipment and flows. It takes 2 to 3 days to unload a ship. Today, the number of chassis required for a ship is between 2,000 and 5,000. The ships are getting larger. MORE
The Journal identified at least 157 items for sale that Amazon had said it banned, including sleeping mats the Food and Drug Administration warns can suffocate infants. Production levels equivalent to an entire factory’s monthly production are coming in container loads through the Los Angeles port, including food, liquor, and cigarettes. Even recycled goods may be collected, shipped to China, stripped down, cleaned up, relabeled, and sold into the market as original product. (A MORE
by Jeswin Philip The Food Packaging Trends and Advances report from PMMI forecasts that the US Food and Beverage industry will experience a 2.9 % CAGR through 2022. The report also mentions that the global growth rate is almost double that of the US food industry. Food for thought: Time for a different kind of supply chain. Here are some best practice guidelines for the food and beverage industry to consider when addressing its own unique challenges. MORE
In figure 1, it is clear in process networks (industries of chemical, pharmaceutical, and food) that there is a significant different in capabilities when companies use B2B Networks versus EDI, Fax, email or spreadsheets. If you miss reading the Shaman in the next few weeks and you want some new reading in the area of supply chain excellence, consider tucking my new book Metrics that Matter into your suitcase. MORE
With expanding drop ship operations, retailers quickly lose control and sight of the order once it gets to the supplier. Blending Traditional + Customer-focused Metrics. Leading retailers are starting to combine traditional delivery metrics (e.g., on-time, complete, miles per delivery, deliveries per route) with some form of consumer-focused metrics such as Net Promoter Score. MORE
Certain parts of the cold supply chain, such as those involved in processing and shipping poultry, fruits, vegetables, or other meat products, have an inherent duty in ensuring the safety and timely delivery of these goods to the appropriate retailer or party. Failure to do so could result in the assessment of fines and penalties against the organization by the Food and Drug Administration. MORE
Walmart breaks down OTIF into separate metrics, On Time and In Full. Each metric has its own percentage goal that must be met in order to avoid fines. The metrics that apply to you differ based on whether you manage your own transportation (ie: “ Prepaid ”) or Walmart picks up the product from your warehouses (ie: “ Collect ”). For Prepaid shipping, the percentages are also broken down into the mode of transportation. Food and Consumables must be in full 97.5% MORE
The organization is not clear on accepting special requests and expedited shipping policies, often resulting in a lower margin. Many of my clients talk about a customer-centric supply chain but rely on useless metrics from an annual survey or a net promoter score. MORE
So, how can the supply chain fulfill refugees’ basic requirements for food, water, shelter, and medical assistance? With a network of seven distribution centers (in Copenhagen, Jordan, Dubai, Nairobi, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Ghana), UNHCR can ship core relief items from these stockpiles to assist up to 600,000 people within 72 hours, if needed. For example, in 2013, the organization provided Syrian refugees with in-kind transportation of 394 metric tons of food and supplies. MORE
Basically, responsible for ocean freight carriers, ocean ships that rely on truck companies. Shipping a 40-ton container back in July or June used to cost about $700 — a 40-ton container. More than half of Hanjin’s ships were chartered. So the chartering companies are already receiving the ships back and they need to rent them. MSC is interested to charter those ships. And, do I have food grade certification? The metric — the ROI metric. MORE
COVID-19 has shuffled domestic food and beverage consumption trends, accelerating some and disrupting others. Here, we found that many product categories had a dramatic uptick in shipping volume, while others saw a notable plunge. Click Here to See How US Food Trends Have Changed. MORE
That is why it’s fair to say that what you see is not always what you get in today’s high-tech manufacturing plants and warehouses (once the final performance metrics are tallied days or months later). Just one missing pallet can cause your team to miss deadlines related to purchasing, production, shipping and even payments. No, they’re not a high-tech manufacturer, but they are a high-volume food and beverage manufacturer with a high-tempo supply chain. MORE
What is the impact of Prime’s service offerings, including fast and free shipping, on Amazon’s top-line growth? Of course, Amazon’s ever-growing shipping and logistics costs are a drag on profitability, which the company offsets in part with its highly-profitable cloud computing business. For a long time, C-level executives viewed supply chain management, especially the logistics function, as a cost center. MORE
My journey to understand supply chain Metrics That Matter started three years ago. Balance: The ability to balance a portfolio of metrics to maximize market capitalization and free cash flow. The early results from the ASU study will be featured in the book Metrics that Matter and it will be the core of the upcoming Supply Chain Global Summit on September 10-11, 2014 in Scottsdale AZ at the Phoenician. (We How do you balance metrics ? . MORE
But the single most important Supply Chain is the Food Supply Chain! Our very survival depends on there even being a Food Supply Chain. On one hand there is a horrendously large amount of Food Waste. The Food Supply Chain, the most important Supply Chain in the World, is BROKEN! Food Waste. Over 1/3 of all the food that is produced in the world is wasted! Billion tonnes of food every year. Food Waste Meets World Hunger. Subscribe Here! MORE
This confession comes seven years after selling of contaminated food. The food recall is the largest in US history. …never before has a corporate executive been convicted of federal felony charges in a food safety violation. Parnell, is now charged and convicted for selling adulterated and mis-branded food into interstate commerce with the intent to defraud or mislead. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. MORE
Delivering on-time and in-full is essential to success and a metric used by retailers when evaluating partnerships with vendors of all sizes. But first, let’s look at the background of OTIF metrics and why they came to be. According to a report from McKinsey & Co , “The US food retail industry loses an estimated $15–20 billion in sales every year because items are out of stock or otherwise unsaleable.”. OTIF metrics are not universal. MORE
“High freight, fuel and labor costs are forcing food distributors to streamline their businesses,” begins the recent article in the Wall Street Journal. The piece revealed a rise in operating expenses of 6% at world’s largest food distributor, Sysco Foods and a boost of 2% at US Foods. — Food Shippers Lag in Terms of Automation Levels in their Supply Chains. With margins already tight, food shippers cannot sustain losses due to avoidable spoilage. MORE
Hurricane Harvey has struck a significant blow to the Houston, Texas metro area, home to the sixth largest import terminal in the world, as well as all of the shipping lanes in the Gulf Coast area. The Institute for Supply Management conducted a special survey that asked members to assess how Harvey might impact six key business metrics and whether they may be impacted by shortages of input materials due to Harvey. "Our Most Impacted Metrics. Moderately Impacted Metrics. MORE
I want to understand why some companies outperform on the Supply Chain Metrics That Matter while others do not. In Agrosciences is the customer the distributor of seed/additives, the farmer or the downstream purchaser of food products? The conversation focused on P&G’s slow response to adapt to smaller units and flexible shipping policies. Price and shipping policies should go hand in hand. Shown in Figure 1 is a cost-to-serve analysis from the food industry. MORE
Snow fell last night as I worked on my last Supply Chain Metrics That Matter report. The concept of the Effective Frontier is that best in class companies align functional metrics to balance growth, cost, inventory and Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) performance while balancing customer service metrics. Ironically, most companies are very entrapped in measuring and rewarding functional metrics which degrades overall improvement. Cash-to-cash is a compound metric. MORE
The company is a food and beverage company. Most companies cannot get to data by customer on orders shipped incomplete to understand root cause analysis. In Figure 1, we show the aggregate trend of the chemical industry in an orbit chart format showing year-over-year results at the intersection of two metrics operating margin and inventory turns. July is my birthday month. In the middle of busy travel, I made time for the annual physical. The reason? MORE
You can with inventory metrics. Why should you care about inventory metrics ? We think these are the top 10 inventory metrics that you need to know right now. Top Ten Inventory Management Metrics. Customer Order Fill Rate = Orders that are Shipped in Full / Total Number of Orders. Or find a way to keep your sales reps well informed of inventory data to help them ship accurate and complete orders. Cycle Time = Actual Ship Date – Customer Order Date. MORE
SupplyPike
APRIL 7, 2020
We’ve discussed the basics of OTIF and the fundamentals of OTIF before, but we thought we’d drill down deeper into the individual metrics. First, we’ll start by reviewing the basic goals of OTIF, and then we’ll dive into each metric and the compliance issues of each metric. We are only covering Supplier Accountability OTIF metrics. This Pro date represents when shipping documentation is processed and may be days after the actual goods arrive.
DELMIA Quintiq
SEPTEMBER 21, 2016
As CEO of Quintiq, it’s a great honor to partner with the World Food Programme (WFP). It’s about bringing food—the most basic of needs—to those who need it most. million metric tons of WFP food assistance every year. On any given day, WFP operates an average of 70 aircraft, 20 ships and 5,000 trucks. Why instead are Quintiq employees donating their precious time to the World Food Programme?
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Supply Chain Collaborator
NOVEMBER 29, 2018
“High freight, fuel and labor costs are forcing food distributors to streamline their businesses,” begins the recent article in the Wall Street Journal. The piece revealed a rise in operating expenses of 6% at world’s largest food distributor, Sysco Foods and a boost of 2% at US Foods. — Food Shippers Lag in Terms of Automation Levels in their Supply Chains. With margins already tight, food shippers cannot sustain losses due to avoidable spoilage.
Supply Chain Shaman
FEBRUARY 11, 2014
My journey to understand supply chain Metrics That Matter started three years ago. Balance: The ability to balance a portfolio of metrics to maximize market capitalization and free cash flow. The early results from the ASU study will be featured in the book Metrics that Matter and it will be the core of the upcoming Supply Chain Global Summit on September 10-11, 2014 in Scottsdale AZ at the Phoenician. (We How do you balance metrics ? .
Zipline Logistics
OCTOBER 16, 2020
COVID-19 has shuffled domestic food and beverage consumption trends, accelerating some and disrupting others. Here, we found that many product categories had a dramatic uptick in shipping volume, while others saw a notable plunge. Click Here to See How US Food Trends Have Changed.
Kinaxis
FEBRUARY 22, 2018
by Jeswin Philip The Food Packaging Trends and Advances report from PMMI forecasts that the US Food and Beverage industry will experience a 2.9 % CAGR through 2022. The report also mentions that the global growth rate is almost double that of the US food industry. Food for thought: Time for a different kind of supply chain. Here are some best practice guidelines for the food and beverage industry to consider when addressing its own unique challenges.
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Supply Chain Game Changer
NOVEMBER 6, 2018
But the single most important Supply Chain is the Food Supply Chain! Our very survival depends on there even being a Food Supply Chain. On one hand there is a horrendously large amount of Food Waste. The Food Supply Chain, the most important Supply Chain in the World, is BROKEN! Food Waste. Over 1/3 of all the food that is produced in the world is wasted! Billion tonnes of food every year. Food Waste Meets World Hunger. Subscribe Here!
Zipline Logistics
APRIL 20, 2020
Controlling costs in the supply chain is an excellent way for businesses in any sector to find increased profitability, but it is especially true for food ingredient shippers. How Food Ingredient Shippers Can Make Logistics Improvements . There are a few things that most food ingredient suppliers can do to increase supply chain performance. Enhance Supply Chain Visibility for Food Ingredient Shippers .
EMERGE App
MARCH 24, 2020
You can with inventory metrics. Why should you care about inventory metrics ? We think these are the top 10 inventory metrics that you need to know right now. Top Ten Inventory Management Metrics. Customer Order Fill Rate = Orders that are Shipped in Full / Total Number of Orders. Or find a way to keep your sales reps well informed of inventory data to help them ship accurate and complete orders. Cycle Time = Actual Ship Date – Customer Order Date.
Supply Chain Shaman
SEPTEMBER 27, 2015
This confession comes seven years after selling of contaminated food. The food recall is the largest in US history. …never before has a corporate executive been convicted of federal felony charges in a food safety violation. Parnell, is now charged and convicted for selling adulterated and mis-branded food into interstate commerce with the intent to defraud or mislead. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S.
IQMS
SEPTEMBER 20, 2019
Bottom Line: Food & beverage manufacturing’s future is being defined by the over 60 customer quality audit requests a typical manufacturer receives every year, combined with the need to excel at FDA audits and compliance to stay competitive. Food and beverage manufacturers need to find new ways to scale auditing if they’re going to keep growing and attracting new customers. Quality Audits Need To Become Routine For Food & Beverage Manufacturers.
|
FLEXE
DECEMBER 11, 2016
Basically, responsible for ocean freight carriers, ocean ships that rely on truck companies. Shipping a 40-ton container back in July or June used to cost about $700 — a 40-ton container. More than half of Hanjin’s ships were chartered. So the chartering companies are already receiving the ships back and they need to rent them. MSC is interested to charter those ships. And, do I have food grade certification? The metric — the ROI metric.
SupplyPike
NOVEMBER 26, 2019
Walmart breaks down OTIF into separate metrics, On Time and In Full. Each metric has its own percentage goal that must be met in order to avoid fines. The metrics that apply to you differ based on whether you manage your own transportation (ie: “ Prepaid ”) or Walmart picks up the product from your warehouses (ie: “ Collect ”). For Prepaid shipping, the percentages are also broken down into the mode of transportation. Food and Consumables must be in full 97.5%
QAD
JUNE 27, 2019
All operator, production order and equipment transactions are recorded via data lake technology to provide for advanced traceability and operational metrics. Consumer Products and Food & Beverage. Stephen Dombroski – Director, Consumer Products and Food & Beverage. An impressive sight, especially when you add the tremendous amount of ship traffic moving up and down the river.
Zipline Logistics
JANUARY 24, 2020
Delivering on-time and in-full is essential to success and a metric used by retailers when evaluating partnerships with vendors of all sizes. But first, let’s look at the background of OTIF metrics and why they came to be. According to a report from McKinsey & Co , “The US food retail industry loses an estimated $15–20 billion in sales every year because items are out of stock or otherwise unsaleable.”. OTIF metrics are not universal.
Supply Chain Shaman
AUGUST 12, 2020
The first step was to charter a research project with the Arizona State University statistics department to analyze which combination of metrics drives the highest market capitalization. Mondelez Performance Against the Food Group for 2010-2019.
Cerasis
APRIL 16, 2018
Whether you are a retailer, carrier, cloud services provider, or eCommerce merchant, Amazon not only effected the landscape of e-tail but the landscape of shipping and logistics as a whole. The Growth of Parcel Shipping on the Rise Thanks to the Amazon Effect Overall, parcel shipping is growing at a robust 10-percent clip as all other freight modes are basically flat, growing at a very modest 1 percent.
Supply Chain Collaborator
NOVEMBER 17, 2016
These changes will impact calculations of such critical transportation and logistics metrics as lead times, delivery schedules, routes, mileage and a host of others. For food shippers, the calculus is equally daunting as an exit from NAFTA is likely to spur increases in the prices of certain produce and other agricultural products currently imported from Mexico into the US.
Supply Chain Shaman
DECEMBER 10, 2014
In figure 1, it is clear in process networks (industries of chemical, pharmaceutical, and food) that there is a significant different in capabilities when companies use B2B Networks versus EDI, Fax, email or spreadsheets. If you miss reading the Shaman in the next few weeks and you want some new reading in the area of supply chain excellence, consider tucking my new book Metrics that Matter into your suitcase.
Kinaxis
MAY 19, 2015
Free shipping? They’ve committed to eliminating 20 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions from their global supply chain by the end of the year. In his recent Forbes article about Chipotle’s announcement, Darren Tristano credits customers’ “rising demand for food they classify as healthful, not just in the sense of calorie counts but also of “natural” foods with “clean” labels”, for the change.
Supply Chain Shaman
FEBRUARY 23, 2015
As a country, I think that we need to rethink supply chain flows for chassis, drayage and the unloading of larger ships. I don’t think that the ports are up to the challenge of moving the high-levels of freight with larger ships without rethinking unloading space, equipment and flows. It takes 2 to 3 days to unload a ship. Today, the number of chassis required for a ship is between 2,000 and 5,000. The ships are getting larger.
Supply Chain Shaman
OCTOBER 2, 2020
The organization is not clear on accepting special requests and expedited shipping policies, often resulting in a lower margin. Many of my clients talk about a customer-centric supply chain but rely on useless metrics from an annual survey or a net promoter score.
Zipline Logistics
SEPTEMBER 29, 2020
Tender rejections, a metric used to determine how much contracted freight is rejected and sent to the spot market, have been hovering around 25% for the past few months. Blog Post Data and Technology Industry Trends Retail and Grocery Shipping Best Practices
Kinaxis
OCTOBER 16, 2015
So, how can the supply chain fulfill refugees’ basic requirements for food, water, shelter, and medical assistance? With a network of seven distribution centers (in Copenhagen, Jordan, Dubai, Nairobi, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Ghana), UNHCR can ship core relief items from these stockpiles to assist up to 600,000 people within 72 hours, if needed. For example, in 2013, the organization provided Syrian refugees with in-kind transportation of 394 metric tons of food and supplies.
Material Handling & Logistics
SEPTEMBER 8, 2017
Hurricane Harvey has struck a significant blow to the Houston, Texas metro area, home to the sixth largest import terminal in the world, as well as all of the shipping lanes in the Gulf Coast area. The Institute for Supply Management conducted a special survey that asked members to assess how Harvey might impact six key business metrics and whether they may be impacted by shortages of input materials due to Harvey. "Our Most Impacted Metrics. Moderately Impacted Metrics.
Talking Logistics
NOVEMBER 21, 2016
What is the impact of Prime’s service offerings, including fast and free shipping, on Amazon’s top-line growth? Of course, Amazon’s ever-growing shipping and logistics costs are a drag on profitability, which the company offsets in part with its highly-profitable cloud computing business. For a long time, C-level executives viewed supply chain management, especially the logistics function, as a cost center.
Logility
JUNE 2, 2020
The approach taken by Whole Foods is attractive, at least superficially. Those two locations may differ across many important metrics: footprint, demographics, seasonality, logistical support, sell-through history, competitive landscape, sales trends, to name a few. More specifically, a planner lays out the merchandise plan by week, by category, by defined business metrics. The fundamental challenge in retail is one of balance.
AFFLINK
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
Gen Z has grown up with two-day and same-day shipping. Gen Z is able to order food from their phone, or even order a taxi through an app. This has driven many companies to engage in last mile shipping services: rather than shipping to stores, more companies are having to ship directly to consumers. Many companies have started using resources such as Amazon FBA (Fulfillment-by-Amazon) as a way to offload these last mile shipping needs.
Cerasis
MARCH 7, 2016
Certain parts of the cold supply chain, such as those involved in processing and shipping poultry, fruits, vegetables, or other meat products, have an inherent duty in ensuring the safety and timely delivery of these goods to the appropriate retailer or party. Failure to do so could result in the assessment of fines and penalties against the organization by the Food and Drug Administration.
NC State SCRC
AUGUST 24, 2019
The Journal identified at least 157 items for sale that Amazon had said it banned, including sleeping mats the Food and Drug Administration warns can suffocate infants. Production levels equivalent to an entire factory’s monthly production are coming in container loads through the Los Angeles port, including food, liquor, and cigarettes. Even recycled goods may be collected, shipped to China, stripped down, cleaned up, relabeled, and sold into the market as original product. (A
OneSCM
NOVEMBER 8, 2017
That is why it’s fair to say that what you see is not always what you get in today’s high-tech manufacturing plants and warehouses (once the final performance metrics are tallied days or months later). Just one missing pallet can cause your team to miss deadlines related to purchasing, production, shipping and even payments. No, they’re not a high-tech manufacturer, but they are a high-volume food and beverage manufacturer with a high-tempo supply chain.
Talking Logistics
OCTOBER 6, 2016
With expanding drop ship operations, retailers quickly lose control and sight of the order once it gets to the supplier. Blending Traditional + Customer-focused Metrics. Leading retailers are starting to combine traditional delivery metrics (e.g., on-time, complete, miles per delivery, deliveries per route) with some form of consumer-focused metrics such as Net Promoter Score.
Logistics Bureau
SEPTEMBER 28, 2020
By contrast, the third-party logistics model is where a manufacturer retains oversight of its supply chain but outsources such processes as warehousing, shipping, packing, and distribution to a 3PL provider.
Supply Chain Shaman
AUGUST 7, 2019
The company is a food and beverage company. Most companies cannot get to data by customer on orders shipped incomplete to understand root cause analysis. In Figure 1, we show the aggregate trend of the chemical industry in an orbit chart format showing year-over-year results at the intersection of two metrics operating margin and inventory turns. July is my birthday month. In the middle of busy travel, I made time for the annual physical. The reason?
Supply Chain Shaman
AUGUST 11, 2016
I want to understand why some companies outperform on the Supply Chain Metrics That Matter while others do not. In Agrosciences is the customer the distributor of seed/additives, the farmer or the downstream purchaser of food products? The conversation focused on P&G’s slow response to adapt to smaller units and flexible shipping policies. Price and shipping policies should go hand in hand. Shown in Figure 1 is a cost-to-serve analysis from the food industry.
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