Expert insights. Personalized for you.
Herein, the authors focus their discussion on ten selected economies: Algeria, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania. As you might know, I had the great opportunity to travel to East Africa several times, where I gave logistics and supply chain management lectures ( see my previous post ). In spite of a lot of desperation, I was somewhat heartened by many developments I observed. MORE
Ghana. Les accords commerciaux et leurs risques d’un point de vue UE. Amber Road, leader des solutions de gestion du commerce international (GTM), et Supply Chain Movement ont collaboré ensemble pour établir cette carte de commerce international 2016 qui montre les accords commerciaux actuels de l’UE et les risques potentiels pour le commerce. Uncovering and mitigating trade risks in international operations. MORE
Ghana. Better decision-making processes. The business complexity is increasing all the time due to globalisation, big data and dynamic interdependences. It is becoming ever-more difficult for supply chain professionals to make the right decisions. Supply Chain Media, software vendor Aimms and consultancy firm Districon have put together this checklist for supply chain optimisation. >>Please MORE
Ghana. Fourth release of 3PL Subway Map Europe. Manufacturers and retailers welcome the ongoing consolidation in the fragmented logistics industry. they want logistics service providers to offer full service on a global scale and are demanding more technological innovation. these are the main conclusions from Supply Chain Movement’s annual study as the basis for the 3pl subway map europe 2016, which shows the specific services of the most important logistics service providers. MORE
It’s a growing problem with no easy solution: with the expansion of technology, an increasing amount of electronics waste is ending up in developing countries such as Ghana, India and parts of China. Most of this e-waste comes from the US and Europe, while only a small amount of it is produced locally. Africa is seeing a slightly different trend, where the burgeoning access to PCs and cell phones is creating a domestic e-waste problem. MORE
Ghana. A technology revolution is rapidly changing the way we work, providing threats and opportunities along the way. These developments impact Original Equipment Manufacturers, both at strategic level and at operational level within their supply chains. Together with service provider Arvato, Supply Chain Movement has created a mindmap outlining the route for high-tech supply chains, including road signs indicating potential hazards along the way. >>Please MORE
Today, Vlisco is an undisputed market leader in Benin, Nigeria, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast and the Congo. For over 160 years, African fashion titan Vlisco, has been designing and producing the most spectacular fashion fabrics. The textile manufacturer initially focused on the Dutch and Dutch-Indonesian markets, but by the end of the 19th century, it had expanded to the West-African market. For a long time, production planning for their colorful fabrics was performed manually at Vlisco. MORE
Ghana. Increasingly, your supply chain is seen as a value-creating process that differentiates your company from the competition. Clearly, this does not change the call for efficiency and productivity. And now, the pressure is on you -as senior executive- to deliver. However, there is a realistic possibility that you are the weakest link in your supply chain. Surprised? MORE
Ghana. Gartner’s first Women in Supply Chain Survey, conducted with AWESOME, an executive women’s leadership group, compares the representation of women in supply chain leadership roles. It also identifies practices that are increasing the engagement with and success of women in supply chain organizations. Key Findings. ■ The percentage of women in leadership positions decreases as the corporate ladder rises. MORE
Ghana. Increasingly, your supply chain is seen as a value-creating process that differentiates your company from the competition. Clearly, this does not change the call for efficiency and productivity. And now, the pressure is on you -as senior executive- to deliver. However, there is a realistic possibility that you are the weakest link in your supply chain. Surprised? MORE
Ghana. Recruiting raw talent is ‘extremely challenging’. Supply chain leaders have gained an ever-stronger position in the world of business over recent years. Talent development can make an important contribution to the execution of their supply chain strategies, but not all leaders pay the same amount of attention to this topic. Here, a number of leading companies show that it is possible to take a structural and creative approach to talent development. MORE
Ghana. The supply chain software industry is in a considerable state of flux. Three large, international take-overs are changing the face of the market. as the advance of e-commerce continues, companies with an omnichannel approach are increasingly implementing specific order management systems. furthermore, because the continuing growth in outsourcing is making global businesses ever-more susceptible to disruptions, supply chain risk management software is also on the rise. MORE
Ghana. Rethink your optimum: Prepare your supply chain for the challenges of 2017 and beyond. Advanced analytics and optimization technology is the game-changing advantage that will push you past the competition – giving your business more agility, higher accuracy and sharper insights to maximize your revenue. Learn more about: How data, advanced analytics and optimization technology combine to give your company the adaptability it needs in challenging markets. MORE
Ghana. 10 questions to assess working capital management. Working capital management revolves around inventory, debtors and creditors. Some companies generate cash so quickly that they can even achieve negative working capital. Supply Chain Media and software vendor Slimstock have developed this checklist for working capital management. >>Please >>Please click on the red button and fill in the fields to activate the green download button. MORE
The United States Agency for International Development recently awarded $15 million for creation of a research and training center for supply-chain management in Ghana. But the move might signal a broader effort by the U.S. to counter the growing economic influence of China, and to a lesser extent Russia, throughout the African continent MORE
Ghana. 10 questions about Global Trade Management. Managing the activities comprising a supply chain is becoming more difficult with the growth of trade and increased regulation. Supply Chain Movement and software supplier Amber Road have put together this checklist for Global Trade Management. >>Please >>Please click on the red button and fill in the fields to activate the green download button. Checklist for Global Trade Management. MORE
Ghana. More shippers today appear to be outsourcing some or all of their logistics. How does a company decide that outsourcing logistics is the right choice? This C.H. Robinson whitepaper can help companies decide, set reasonable expectations for what outsourcing can contribute to their organisation, and how much of a role a company will need to play to achieve the successful business outcome they seek. About C.H. Robinson. Robinson help companies simplify their global supply chains. MORE
But remember the words of Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana: “We know how to bring the economy back to life. Governments around the world are rightly concerned about the current and after-effects of Covid-19 on their economies and particularly, on small businesses. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are the backbone of domestic economies – generally accounting for more than 90% of all businesses, more than 50% of all employment and more than 50% of Gross Domestic Product. MORE
The First Step to Traceability: Stenciling Batch Numbers on Bags of Cocoa at a Depot in Ghana. There’s a lot of hype around using blockchain to trace supply chains. How does it stand up in the real world? The most widely publicized blockchain pilots involve shippers and retailers - the ‘last leg’ of a global supply chain. What happens when you want to trace a product from the source, and that source is halfway around the world? MORE
Ghana. Customers are becoming more demanding all the time: they increasingly expect personalised offers, available globally and round the clock. Such huge pressure on sales is also dragging the supply chain department(s) towards an ever-higher service level. MORE
Ghana. 10 questions about Freight Spend Management. There are numerous ways a shipper can reduce freight spend. They can renegotiate contracts, find other carriers, and do a better job of maximizing their truck utilization. But these efforts bring temporary, not permanent, relief. How likely are carriers to agree on endless rate cuts? And freight costs are continuing to rise, pushed upward by factors such as globalized distribution and unpredictable fuel prices. MORE
million children are exposed to the worst forms of child labour* on cocoa farms in countries such as Ghana and Ivory Coast, the two main producers of cocoa in the world. In 2005 a Dutch journalist explored the issue of child labour in the cocoa industry , wishing to see the results of the Harkin Engel protocol which was signed in 2001. He was shocked to find that child labour was still endemic in the cocoa industry. An estimated 1.8 MORE
Ghana. In the global fashion and luxury goods market, ever-higher customer expectations, combined with demographic and economic shifts, are making it increasingly difficult to predict consumer behaviour and plan accordingly. Adequate demand planning and accurate inventory investments are key to successful supply chain management in this fast-moving industry. MORE
Mars, Nestlé, Mondelēz and Hershey and others have committed to working together to end deforestation and forest degradation in the cocoa supply chain, with an initial focus on Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. read more. Global Supply Chain News MORE
With a network of seven distribution centers (in Copenhagen, Jordan, Dubai, Nairobi, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Ghana), UNHCR can ship core relief items from these stockpiles to assist up to 600,000 people within 72 hours, if needed. by Kirsten Watson The Syrian refugee crisis has produced some staggering statistics. According to UNCHR , the UN refugee agency, more than four million Syrians are living outside their country as registered refugees. MORE
Ghana. The Netherlands is the best region for a logistics base according to the ‘VerkehrsRundschau Markenstudie ImageRanking’. The market study by VerkehrsRundschau (a leading German magazine with a website about transport and logistics) assessed the attractiveness of the countries close to Germany as a base for logistics activities. MORE
Today the company has over 230 team members located across the globe including Singapore, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sweden, South Africa, Ivory Coast, France, Romania, UAE, Ghana, and Nigeria. MORE
Therefore, e-waste, which contains valuable materials like gold, often ends up in incineration plants or, illegally, in Ghana, where it destroys both the people’s health and the environment. For a long time, SCM students were told that a supply chain “must ultimately be measured by its responsiveness to customers” and that a supply chain starts with raw materials and ends with a final product. But this is only half the truth. MORE
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) recently posted an article about the huge shortfall in the cocoa crop in Ghana. As the WSJ points out, there is a drastic over reliance on the Ivory Coast and Ghana when it comes to the global cocoa supply chain. The current situation in Ghana should serve as just another reminder that there is inherent risk in putting all of your chocolate chips in a single bag. by Alexa Cheater Hi, my name is Alexa and I am a chocoholic. MORE
And some of the best quality cocoa originates from Ghana. Subscribe Here! Email Address. Article written by Chloe Cooke and originally published on [link] Permission to publish here provided by David Weaver. Check out The Baby Supply Chain! MORE
Ghana. 11 Fragen zum Global Trade Management / 11 questions about Global Trade Management. Der globale Handel wächst – und mit ihm die Regulierung. Das effiziente Management von Lieferketten wird dadurch immer weiter erschwert. Gemeinsam mit Supply Chain Movement hat Amber Road eine Checkliste entwickelt: Testen Sie Ihr Global Trade Management! Managing the activities comprising a supply chain is becoming more difficult with the growth of trade and increased regulation. MORE
Ghana. Global competition is forcing companies to optimally manage the orders they have scored. Supply chain execution software can coordinate the necessary alignment process between the various systems within the network. Together with MP Objects, supplier of supply chain software, Supply Chain Movement has created a mindmap for innovative order management, including a handy description of the route and with road signs indicating potential hazards along the way. >>Please MORE
Mondelez is helping to redce deforestation rates in Ghana, which supplies about 20% of the world's cocoa. In an effort to reduce emissions in its cocoa supply chain across Ghana, on January 17 Mondel?z z International signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Forestry Commission of Ghana, Ghana Cocoa Board and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). As one of the largest cocoa-producing countries, Ghana supplies about 20% of the world's cocoa. MORE
The company is looking to expand its footprint in Ghana, Mozambique, Angola and Nigeria this year MORE
Ghana becomes the first country in the world to deploy drone technology for COVID-19 tests, medical kits and medicine delivery. Apart from Ghana, many countries like China, Chile, Australia, Estonia, Malawi, Italy, Ireland, Singapore, South Korea, UK, and US are adapting this tech-trend to deal with the pandemic situation. Retail Industry have been completely transformed during the past few decades due to the emerging trends and updated models. MORE
Ghana. Gartner’s first Women in Supply Chain Survey, conducted with AWESOME, an executive women’s leadership group, and supported by Supply Chain Media, compares the representation of women in supply chain leadership roles. It also identifies practices that are increasing the engagement with and success of women in supply chain organizations. Key Findings. ■ The percentage of women in leadership positions decreases as the corporate ladder rises. MORE
Ghana Related Topics Supply Chain Brain
SEPTEMBER 14, 2020
The United States Agency for International Development recently awarded $15 million for creation of a research and training center for supply-chain management in Ghana. But the move might signal a broader effort by the U.S. to counter the growing economic influence of China, and to a lesser extent Russia, throughout the African continent
Material Handling and Logistics
JANUARY 22, 2018
Mondelez is helping to redce deforestation rates in Ghana, which supplies about 20% of the world's cocoa. In an effort to reduce emissions in its cocoa supply chain across Ghana, on January 17 Mondel?z z International signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Forestry Commission of Ghana, Ghana Cocoa Board and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). As one of the largest cocoa-producing countries, Ghana supplies about 20% of the world's cocoa.
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Material Handling & Logistics
MARCH 23, 2017
Mars, Nestlé, Mondelēz and Hershey and others have committed to working together to end deforestation and forest degradation in the cocoa supply chain, with an initial focus on Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. read more. Global Supply Chain News
Logistics Middle East
FEBRUARY 21, 2015
The company is looking to expand its footprint in Ghana, Mozambique, Angola and Nigeria this year
SCM Research
NOVEMBER 18, 2013
Herein, the authors focus their discussion on ten selected economies: Algeria, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania. As you might know, I had the great opportunity to travel to East Africa several times, where I gave logistics and supply chain management lectures ( see my previous post ). In spite of a lot of desperation, I was somewhat heartened by many developments I observed.
The Logistics & Supply Chain Management Society
JULY 20, 2020
But remember the words of Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana: “We know how to bring the economy back to life. Governments around the world are rightly concerned about the current and after-effects of Covid-19 on their economies and particularly, on small businesses. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are the backbone of domestic economies – generally accounting for more than 90% of all businesses, more than 50% of all employment and more than 50% of Gross Domestic Product.
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SCM Research
MARCH 22, 2012
Therefore, e-waste, which contains valuable materials like gold, often ends up in incineration plants or, illegally, in Ghana, where it destroys both the people’s health and the environment. For a long time, SCM students were told that a supply chain “must ultimately be measured by its responsiveness to customers” and that a supply chain starts with raw materials and ends with a final product. But this is only half the truth.
Kinaxis
JULY 17, 2015
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) recently posted an article about the huge shortfall in the cocoa crop in Ghana. As the WSJ points out, there is a drastic over reliance on the Ivory Coast and Ghana when it comes to the global cocoa supply chain. The current situation in Ghana should serve as just another reminder that there is inherent risk in putting all of your chocolate chips in a single bag. by Alexa Cheater Hi, my name is Alexa and I am a chocoholic.
DELMIA Quintiq
FEBRUARY 19, 2015
Today, Vlisco is an undisputed market leader in Benin, Nigeria, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast and the Congo. For over 160 years, African fashion titan Vlisco, has been designing and producing the most spectacular fashion fabrics. The textile manufacturer initially focused on the Dutch and Dutch-Indonesian markets, but by the end of the 19th century, it had expanded to the West-African market. For a long time, production planning for their colorful fabrics was performed manually at Vlisco.
Kinaxis
OCTOBER 16, 2015
With a network of seven distribution centers (in Copenhagen, Jordan, Dubai, Nairobi, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Ghana), UNHCR can ship core relief items from these stockpiles to assist up to 600,000 people within 72 hours, if needed. by Kirsten Watson The Syrian refugee crisis has produced some staggering statistics. According to UNCHR , the UN refugee agency, more than four million Syrians are living outside their country as registered refugees.
Vinculum
JUNE 8, 2020
Ghana becomes the first country in the world to deploy drone technology for COVID-19 tests, medical kits and medicine delivery. Apart from Ghana, many countries like China, Chile, Australia, Estonia, Malawi, Italy, Ireland, Singapore, South Korea, UK, and US are adapting this tech-trend to deal with the pandemic situation. Retail Industry have been completely transformed during the past few decades due to the emerging trends and updated models.
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ChainPoint
MAY 7, 2019
million children are exposed to the worst forms of child labour* on cocoa farms in countries such as Ghana and Ivory Coast, the two main producers of cocoa in the world. In 2005 a Dutch journalist explored the issue of child labour in the cocoa industry , wishing to see the results of the Harkin Engel protocol which was signed in 2001. He was shocked to find that child labour was still endemic in the cocoa industry. An estimated 1.8
Supply Chain Movement
OCTOBER 26, 2016
Ghana. The Netherlands is the best region for a logistics base according to the ‘VerkehrsRundschau Markenstudie ImageRanking’. The market study by VerkehrsRundschau (a leading German magazine with a website about transport and logistics) assessed the attractiveness of the countries close to Germany as a base for logistics activities.
Sourcemap
FEBRUARY 13, 2019
The First Step to Traceability: Stenciling Batch Numbers on Bags of Cocoa at a Depot in Ghana. There’s a lot of hype around using blockchain to trace supply chains. How does it stand up in the real world? The most widely publicized blockchain pilots involve shippers and retailers - the ‘last leg’ of a global supply chain. What happens when you want to trace a product from the source, and that source is halfway around the world?
Supply Chain Movement
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015
Ghana. 10 questions to assess working capital management. Working capital management revolves around inventory, debtors and creditors. Some companies generate cash so quickly that they can even achieve negative working capital. Supply Chain Media and software vendor Slimstock have developed this checklist for working capital management. >>Please >>Please click on the red button and fill in the fields to activate the green download button.
Supply Chain Movement
OCTOBER 26, 2016
Ghana. Rethink your optimum: Prepare your supply chain for the challenges of 2017 and beyond. Advanced analytics and optimization technology is the game-changing advantage that will push you past the competition – giving your business more agility, higher accuracy and sharper insights to maximize your revenue. Learn more about: How data, advanced analytics and optimization technology combine to give your company the adaptability it needs in challenging markets.
Supply Chain Game Changer
NOVEMBER 11, 2018
And some of the best quality cocoa originates from Ghana. Subscribe Here! Email Address. Article written by Chloe Cooke and originally published on [link] Permission to publish here provided by David Weaver. Check out The Baby Supply Chain!
Supply Chain Movement
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015
Ghana. 10 questions about Global Trade Management. Managing the activities comprising a supply chain is becoming more difficult with the growth of trade and increased regulation. Supply Chain Movement and software supplier Amber Road have put together this checklist for Global Trade Management. >>Please >>Please click on the red button and fill in the fields to activate the green download button. Checklist for Global Trade Management.
Supply Chain Movement
NOVEMBER 7, 2016
Ghana. Increasingly, your supply chain is seen as a value-creating process that differentiates your company from the competition. Clearly, this does not change the call for efficiency and productivity. And now, the pressure is on you -as senior executive- to deliver. However, there is a realistic possibility that you are the weakest link in your supply chain. Surprised?
Supply Chain Movement
NOVEMBER 7, 2016
Ghana. Increasingly, your supply chain is seen as a value-creating process that differentiates your company from the competition. Clearly, this does not change the call for efficiency and productivity. And now, the pressure is on you -as senior executive- to deliver. However, there is a realistic possibility that you are the weakest link in your supply chain. Surprised?
Supply Chain Movement
SEPTEMBER 6, 2016
Ghana. Les accords commerciaux et leurs risques d’un point de vue UE. Amber Road, leader des solutions de gestion du commerce international (GTM), et Supply Chain Movement ont collaboré ensemble pour établir cette carte de commerce international 2016 qui montre les accords commerciaux actuels de l’UE et les risques potentiels pour le commerce. Uncovering and mitigating trade risks in international operations.
Supply Chain Movement
MAY 3, 2016
Ghana. More shippers today appear to be outsourcing some or all of their logistics. How does a company decide that outsourcing logistics is the right choice? This C.H. Robinson whitepaper can help companies decide, set reasonable expectations for what outsourcing can contribute to their organisation, and how much of a role a company will need to play to achieve the successful business outcome they seek. About C.H. Robinson. Robinson help companies simplify their global supply chains.
ModusLink Corporation
SEPTEMBER 5, 2012
It’s a growing problem with no easy solution: with the expansion of technology, an increasing amount of electronics waste is ending up in developing countries such as Ghana, India and parts of China. Most of this e-waste comes from the US and Europe, while only a small amount of it is produced locally. Africa is seeing a slightly different trend, where the burgeoning access to PCs and cell phones is creating a domestic e-waste problem.
Supply Chain Movement
NOVEMBER 27, 2015
Ghana. 11 Fragen zum Global Trade Management / 11 questions about Global Trade Management. Der globale Handel wächst – und mit ihm die Regulierung. Das effiziente Management von Lieferketten wird dadurch immer weiter erschwert. Gemeinsam mit Supply Chain Movement hat Amber Road eine Checkliste entwickelt: Testen Sie Ihr Global Trade Management! Managing the activities comprising a supply chain is becoming more difficult with the growth of trade and increased regulation.
Supply Chain Movement
AUGUST 24, 2016
Ghana. Recruiting raw talent is ‘extremely challenging’. Supply chain leaders have gained an ever-stronger position in the world of business over recent years. Talent development can make an important contribution to the execution of their supply chain strategies, but not all leaders pay the same amount of attention to this topic. Here, a number of leading companies show that it is possible to take a structural and creative approach to talent development.
Supply Chain Movement
SEPTEMBER 8, 2016
Ghana. A technology revolution is rapidly changing the way we work, providing threats and opportunities along the way. These developments impact Original Equipment Manufacturers, both at strategic level and at operational level within their supply chains. Together with service provider Arvato, Supply Chain Movement has created a mindmap outlining the route for high-tech supply chains, including road signs indicating potential hazards along the way. >>Please
Supply Chain Movement
OCTOBER 11, 2016
Ghana. Global competition is forcing companies to optimally manage the orders they have scored. Supply chain execution software can coordinate the necessary alignment process between the various systems within the network. Together with MP Objects, supplier of supply chain software, Supply Chain Movement has created a mindmap for innovative order management, including a handy description of the route and with road signs indicating potential hazards along the way. >>Please
Supply Chain Movement
MAY 19, 2016
Ghana. The supply chain software industry is in a considerable state of flux. Three large, international take-overs are changing the face of the market. as the advance of e-commerce continues, companies with an omnichannel approach are increasingly implementing specific order management systems. furthermore, because the continuing growth in outsourcing is making global businesses ever-more susceptible to disruptions, supply chain risk management software is also on the rise.
Supply Chain Movement
SEPTEMBER 28, 2016
Ghana. Fourth release of 3PL Subway Map Europe. Manufacturers and retailers welcome the ongoing consolidation in the fragmented logistics industry. they want logistics service providers to offer full service on a global scale and are demanding more technological innovation. these are the main conclusions from Supply Chain Movement’s annual study as the basis for the 3pl subway map europe 2016, which shows the specific services of the most important logistics service providers.
Supply Chain Movement
DECEMBER 11, 2015
Ghana. Customers are becoming more demanding all the time: they increasingly expect personalised offers, available globally and round the clock. Such huge pressure on sales is also dragging the supply chain department(s) towards an ever-higher service level.
Supply Chain Movement
JUNE 14, 2016
Ghana. Gartner’s first Women in Supply Chain Survey, conducted with AWESOME, an executive women’s leadership group, and supported by Supply Chain Media, compares the representation of women in supply chain leadership roles. It also identifies practices that are increasing the engagement with and success of women in supply chain organizations. Key Findings. ■ The percentage of women in leadership positions decreases as the corporate ladder rises.
Supply Chain Movement
JUNE 14, 2016
Ghana. Gartner’s first Women in Supply Chain Survey, conducted with AWESOME, an executive women’s leadership group, compares the representation of women in supply chain leadership roles. It also identifies practices that are increasing the engagement with and success of women in supply chain organizations. Key Findings. ■ The percentage of women in leadership positions decreases as the corporate ladder rises.
Supply Chain Movement
MARCH 24, 2016
Ghana. Better decision-making processes. The business complexity is increasing all the time due to globalisation, big data and dynamic interdependences. It is becoming ever-more difficult for supply chain professionals to make the right decisions. Supply Chain Media, software vendor Aimms and consultancy firm Districon have put together this checklist for supply chain optimisation. >>Please
Supply Chain Movement
MAY 24, 2016
Ghana. In the global fashion and luxury goods market, ever-higher customer expectations, combined with demographic and economic shifts, are making it increasingly difficult to predict consumer behaviour and plan accordingly. Adequate demand planning and accurate inventory investments are key to successful supply chain management in this fast-moving industry.
Supply Chain Movement
MAY 11, 2016
Ghana. 10 questions about Freight Spend Management. There are numerous ways a shipper can reduce freight spend. They can renegotiate contracts, find other carriers, and do a better job of maximizing their truck utilization. But these efforts bring temporary, not permanent, relief. How likely are carriers to agree on endless rate cuts? And freight costs are continuing to rise, pushed upward by factors such as globalized distribution and unpredictable fuel prices.
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